The entire country, in effect, was operating under this code by that timea code punishable by execution and implied consequences for the family of the disobeyer. There has been extensive exploration of motivational content (Loorbach et al., 2013; Loorbach et al., 2007; Loorbach et al., 2006); as well as instructional design, namely system states, streamlined-step and step-rich procedures (Farkas, 1999; Gellevvij & van der Meij, 2004); the use of prominent headings, multimodal qualities, and organizational strategies (Ganier, 2004); and the importance of genre (Miller, 1984), but none of this research examines any instructional tasks remotely as serious and extreme as wartime suicide attacks. This character originally looked a little more like lightening, which represented the ancient belief that such night-splitting events marked the arrival of a god. Get the entire guide to Kamikaze as a printable PDF. Kamikaze diaries: Reflections of Japanese student soldiers. These three modes of communication; the mental/spiritual, the technical, and the vivid; blend together here to create compelling content. theme. Proverb 5. Feifer, G. (2012). We were only able to complete this project by virtue of his generosity, kindness, and dedication to a peaceful future only possible with the knowledge of the past. Recently revamped and expanded, this free lesson includes analyses of key quotations, differentiated activities and helpful notes for both teachers and students. 'incantation' - a magic spell or chant 'bunting' - strings of flags, often used in celebration 'breakers' - big waves that come in to the shore 5 8. Historynet. a Japanese suicide pilot used in World War 2 Name the three main themes of the poem. sea. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. A classical case of poor communication: P.G.T. Past explorations of technical communication ethics include the desirability of humanistic visuals, especially when describing human tragedy (Dragga & Voss, 2001; Dragga & Voss, 2003) as well as, increasingly, sensitivity to the circumstances of intercultural technical communication (Flammia & Voss, 2007) and its teaching (Aguad & Voss, 2017). kamikaze was the term used for the ww2 japanise plane divers. We're here to help your child succeed. However, we note that the entire manual, once read through, has a noticeable additive effect. Shimpo, R., Masahide, O., Ealey, M., and McLauchlan, A. Manua1 1 is 22 pages long on 5-inch x 3.5-inch paper. Rhyme 10. it is often difficult to confirm the battle result. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Minor sentences 6. The absence of doubt is substantial; the manual makes killing yourself for your country just another procedure. This attractive resource supports students' analysis of the poem, 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland, including language techniques, structure and themes. Wiley. Even the thoughts about what was seen below his plane are actually the daughters. Even the pictures threaten the poetic persona of the poem. *Student progress - Students who used EdPlace learning materials progressed by an average of 153% in English, maths and science over an academic year. In a similar vein, Miller (1989) argues that professional communication is a matter of arguing toward the good of the community rather of constructing texts, but for the good of which community (p. 23)? . This was analysed using the scores from the EdPlace database with all activities taken by students managed by parent accounts between October 2018 and September 2019. docx, 36.18 KB. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. Download. In this article, we explore the phenomenon of kamikaze attacks in 1945 through a rhetorical analysis of a technical text that we translated for the first time into English: a Japanese military manual directed to Togo officers on how to organize and conduct suicide attacks against American warships. It is her usual face. You feel that you are suddenly floating in the air. The collection includes a number of poems that look at the cultural divide between the west and the east. Buy my revision guides in paperback on Amazon*:Power and Conflict poetry guide (ebook) https://bit.ly/2PS8bw6 Mr Bruff's Guide to GCSE English Language ht. The poetic lines stuck with her and she says sometimes they were like sweets, something that could be saved up and enjoyed for their marvellous taste.. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. A total of 49 steps are articulated in Chapters 1 and 2. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Attack Assignments renders, again, the planes and the ships as the same size, and draws a mere connecting line between plane and ship to represent the desired approach. Helping you revise for your GCSEs -Comparing poetry - Power and Conflict Pearson. 4. of, pertaining to, undertaken by, or characteristic of a kamikaze. This was analysed using the scores from the EdPlace database with all activities taken by students managed by parent accounts between October 2018 and September 2019. However, from everything about the Togo pilots that we have read and discerned, there does not seem to have been a practically significant morale problem among the pilots in that none are recorded to have backed out. The effects of motivational elements in user instructions. It is an honor to be able to give my life in defense of these beautiful and lofty things (Feifer, 2012, p. 157). Verification step and personal stories in an instruction manual for seniors: Effects on confidence, motivation, and usability. There is a huge emphasis on efficiency; Togo attacks must be highly organized and orders must be obeyed without question. Ganier, F. (2004). The narration covers her visit to a war memorial, interspersed with images of the soldiers childhood and his departure for war. A fascinating essay that looks into the Japanese attitude towards shame and honor. The Battle of Okinawa: The blood and the bomb. A sampling follows: (30) In the case of surprise attack, a very low altitude horizontal attack is to be [made] when the height of clouds is low, at night, at dawn, at dusk, or when using airplane types such as airplane 67 or airplane 45, etc., and in responding to the conditions at the time, [the troop] is to do a dive or a horizontal crash. The words are listed in the order in which they appear in the poem. However, at least according to paragraph 36, only one plane was to attack each target, so it is possible that a given Togo pilot would not be able to glance at an allys plane for reassurance before the final approach. In this worksheet, students will analyse the language devices used in the poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland. , or kami, refers to gods, the mind, and the soul. It is like a long shot in a movie suddenly turning into a close-up and the scene expands in your face. The year of the kamikaze. The poems use strong imagery to describe howfamilies are destroyed by the end of the poem and will never be the same again. Figure 2 is a sample excerpt taken from Chapter 1 that, upon a cursory glance, illustrates the cumbersome nature of the majority of steps included. Baer, G. W. (1996). A. Campbell, and D, Henry (Eds. Thematic analysis of U.S. and Latin American CEO letters. In the following questions, you will look at the language techniques used in both poems. You should always refer to your own text when working through these examples. Garland's Perspective ), Teaching and training for global engineering: Perspectives on culture and professional communication practices (pp. The essay also focuses on bushido (which originated with the samurai warriors). Realistically, in such a stressful moment, few pilots followed all these instructions to the letter; however, the manuals presence in training would increase the chances of some directives being remembered and followed and thus increase the chances of a successful attack. With an EdPlace account youll be able to track and measure progress, helping each child achieve their best. Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland lesson, a part of the Power and Conflict anthology. The division between the two formal chapters, Attack Preparation and Attack Implementation, feels arbitrary. Thus, these manuals reinforced their justification of desperate yet reasonable and rational action. Teaching the ethics of intercultural communication. Caidin, M., & Saito, F. (1957). He is shunned, even by his own wife, from that moment on. Additionally, there is a great deal of material and thought put into what kind of approach the plane should take, which depends on the situation. The real organization seems to be by paragraph, each numbered, with 49 paragraphs total. Like what you see? Rhetoric goes to war: The doctrine of ancient and medieval military manuals. meaning. We're your National Curriculum aligned online education content provider helping each child succeed in English, maths and science from year 1 to GCSE. If you want to see what we offer first,sign up for a free Twinkl account hereand take a look aroundat our free resources. green-blue translucent sea, and beneath them, Moran, M. (2002). As such, we feel comfortable labeling the mission of Manual 2 as offering not only the logical reassurance and reinforcement offered by Manual 1, but emotional reassurance as well, in order to reach the final desired state. But what if the task at hand is to successfully kill yourself as well as others? Technical Communication, 48(3), 265274. It is of utmost importance for the attacking force commander to have thorough knowledge about the yooryoo of the Togo troop commanders attack. Any other use is strictly forbidden. Best practice in image placement suggests that images are most effective when integrated in close proximity to the directive they illustrate. This manual (later referred to as Manual 1) is 22 pages long and contains several distinctive images reproduced in this article. 164 Cards - 15 Decks - We will not reproduce all of them here, but will rather examine critical passages thematically. The expected result by crashing into the enemys ship is quite distant from killing yourself and as many American sailors as possible by flying your plane into a deliberate suicide attack. There is never any question about whether or not the attacks are unusual; they are presented as ordinary wartime maneuvers. The tuna, a dark prince, reminds us of the dangers and menaces of the natural world. This blog explores the poem Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland, covering: Kamikaze is an early 21st century poem by the English poet, Beatrice Garland. https://www.historynet.com/ten-minutes-at-midway.htm. Katzs (1992) analysis of a 1942 German technical memo that detailed how best to redesign trucks used for gassing Jews and undesirables to be more efficient is a good reference point. The word. Later, as he looks down at the boats, the poem revolves around the glories of nature and the sea. Were the goals reasonable in this case? We begin by providing some historical context as well as a discussion of Japanese military ideology in the last stage of the war; second, we describe relevant literature and our method of approach; third, we discuss our findings from our rhetorical analysis of the two manuals; and fourth, we note the special ethical concerns that the texts raise, before making some final conclusions. The patriotism and honour of the kamikaze pilots is felt with the words one-way journey into history, showing that the pilots felt that their actions would bring both themselves and their country glory in some way. Exposure is full of powerful images that evoke strong feelings of helplessness, danger and tedium. Imagery and Language in 'Exposure' Imagery. In the West, we often valorize our military for selfless, solo acts; think of the almost stereotypical soldier who falls on a grenade to save his comrades, or another who charges an enemy machine-gun nest alone. Leff, M. (2016). Reconsidering power and legitimacy in technical communication: A case for enlarging the definition of technical communicator. One way or another, the Togo will commence their attacks and die. Yooryoo is the term used for plans and for the manual itself; it is a very serious word that means anything from outlines, key points, instructions, or a manual. You can see clearly the muzzles of the enemys guns. What is a kamikaze? In M. Flammia and K. St.Amant (Eds. Therefore, the chief agency of these attacks is not in the hands of the individual pilots but their commanders and the authors of these manuals. 2 but my memory of it is sunlight-clear. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 45(2), 115122. More specifically, there are too many points listed for easy memory retrieval, and they are general in nature and not elaborated well. However, given the place is not named, the poem offers a . The poem exploresthe moment that the pilot's decision is made andthe consequences for him over the rest of his life. The value of Bernhardts analysis, then, as with ours, lies in the ability to describe how the instructional rhetorical maneuveringin Bernhardts case, using sex to sell (p. 221) the need for vehicle maintenancefunctions uniquely within a military context. (2001, September 29). A fantasy-theme analysis of Arthur Barlowes 1584 Discourse on Virginia: The first English commercial report written about North America from direct experience. Her research interests are in foreign language education in U.S. contexts and language acquisition of immigrants from Japan and the Arab world. Genre as social action. During the Second World War, the term 'kamikaze' was used for Japanese fighter pilots who were sent on suicide missions. We then rhetorically analyzed the text in a similar manner to how a wide variety of technical communication texts in the literature have been treated, such as engineering documents (Ding, 2001), 16th century commercial reports (Moran, 2002), corporate privacy policy statements (Markel, 2005), scientific papers (Reeves, 2005), and CEO letters (Conaway, 2010), among others. The last two stanzas of the poem are written in this way as the daughter explains the impact of her fathers decision to return home. When you begin your dive, you must harmonize the height at which you commence the final attack with your speed. Correll, J. T. (2015). There is a lengthy sequence dealing with the strong imagery of the sea and the power of nature. This emotional overlay serves to cushion doubts the pilots might havethe implication is that there will be no pain, only a closing moment of sublimity. (Reprinted from Textual criticism: The legacy of G.P. Still, the references to mental strength or will are a failsafe, in that the Togo high-level commander needed to monitor the pilots for potential lapses in willpower. There are only numbers and angles. Flammia, M., & Voss, D. (2007). Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 20(2), 177199. The Asia-Pacific Journal, 12(48), 122. The manual genre in technical communication aims to help readers accomplish a task that they either could not do alone or could do more efficiently with assistance from the text. We suspect these simple images were copied to chalkboards for use in pilot instruction and their abstract nature kept discussion at the level of technique. Results: We explore different complementary and dynamic rhetorical aspects of the texts, such as their approach to their respective audiences, the recurring subjects of remorse and questioning orders, the normalization of the suicidal act, the need for mental toughness in the pilots, the recurring use of the imperative mood, and the dehumanizing role of images. It is inevitable that [we] predict various types of confusion and mistakes. Her poem A Kosovan Ghost Story refers to the shame and dishonour brought about in war in this case the fact that women who were raped in the war were seen to have brought dishonour on their families; therefore the atrocities of war were often not spoken of to the investigators who arrived to investigate war crimes. (p. 81). Patriotism, high at the beginning of training, dwindled (p. 6), and as one doomed pilot wrote in his diary three months before his final mission, To be honest, I cannot say that the wish to die for the emperor is genuine, coming from my heart. Title. . Kamikaze pilots were soldiers who flew aircraft loaded with explosives into enemy ships in suicide attacks. The author is unknown and anonymous, but, presumably, Manual 1 was written above the rank of a Togo commanding officer with the images possibly added by an assistant or assistants. This will also enable you to concentrate your attention on eradicating the enemy with unwavering determination, meanwhile reinforcing your excellence in flight skills. In either case, it is necessary to choose appropriately the point of charging and its start time of the attack in order to get the expected result by crashing into the enemys ship. Its small size suggests that it could be carried folded or unfolded in a pocket to refresh ones memory or to quote from it. It is unclear who launched the first kamikaze attack, but they seem to originate spontaneously in mid-late 1944. In this way, the manual emphasizes that the pilot is not alone when he makes his final approach; it is a team effort. The daughter imagines why her father chose to turn back, seeing the earth and sea below him and remembering his own childhood. docx, 13.1 KB. Symbolism Emotive language The Emotive Language Effect Loose comparisons could be made between the Togo pilots and the September 11, 2001 hijackers, who apparently had a highly religious Last Night document with detailed instructions (New York Times). The powerful incantations line gives a reader a sense of the mystical and almost fanatical nature of the way the pilots were prepared for their journeys. 3. a person or thing that behaves in a wildly reckless or destructive manner. Method: We examine Japanese military ideology at a particular stage in the war to contextualize a rhetorical analysis of the two translated texts. Purpose: We rhetorically explore the phenomenon of kamikaze attacks from a technical communication and rhetorical perspective by analyzing two 1945 Japanese military manuals, directed, respectively, to officers and pilots on how to organize and conduct suicide attacks against American warships. The essay also focuses on bushido (which originated with the samurai warriors). Throughout the poem the father/pilot is silent. . journey into history, but half way Fatal deliverance from an Iron Storm. 291305). However, in this desperate context, that same appeal becomes much more morbid in Manual 2 than the style of Manual 1. The poem may explore themes such as sacrifice, duty, and nationalism fervour. Pilot preparation shares an emphasis on mental and spiritual preparation with Manual 1: Transcend life and death. : Aircraft, technology, and tactics in World War II. I knew there was something wrong with that paper: Scientific rhetorical styles and scientific misunderstandings. She became an NHS clinician and worked as a researcher and teacher in the field of psychological medicine. They are not aiding, helping, assisting, or striking a blowthey are a necessary vanguard for any eventual victory or peace without surrender. Both poems can be found in thePower and Conflictsection of your anthology. Individually, each paragraph serves as a dry instructional maxim, but taken all together, they make the act of suicide seem inevitable by providing only one pathtoward death. Through our rhetorical analysis of these documents and their unique context, we show that they, through procedure, reinforce the decision to become living missiles as a rational choice. They were expected to crash their warplanes into enemy warships. Unlike Manual 1, the excerpts border on the poetic: . Onomatopoeia 12. Fourth, Manual 1 serves as an excellent example of authoritarian professional discourse that was apparently effective to some degree, in the sense there are no documented instances of Togo pilots defying their orders. a kamikaze pilot. These two words in the span of Sections 3 and 4 suggest, then, the document has some ethical seams. Michigan State University Press. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1725 titles we cover. Even just before impact, the pilots cannot even close their eyes; total commitment is necessary throughout the entire doomed flight. Visual-rhetoric ethics: Beyond accuracy and injury. The paper is inexpensive and it could be easily replaced if damaged, destroyed, or lost. Although the guard force and Togo troop often become separated if the battle begins in the air, it is necessary for the direct guard force to avoid being separated from Togo troop. Kamikaze is a free verse poem, free from the constraints of a regular rhyme or rhythm. The two manuals are gripping case studies for discussion of ethical technical communication across cultures, in situational context, and as instructional genre, illustrating the power of written procedure to facilitate extreme acts. Get started for free to track progress, measure results and access thousands of educational activities in English, maths and science. (7) . 374.6 KB. As to why the author includes these psychological qualities, like the earlier ikan-naku (completely, without remorse), if one has to mention it, it may not be present. There is also a deeper, darker reading of brain-washing and state manipulation in the line. (1992). According to the text, Togo attacks were organized into groups of up to 10 planes, including a lead plane with a more experienced pilot who located targets, the Togo planes themselves, and escort planes that protected the attacking Togo pilots from American air-to-air fighters. Because Manual 1 is written in an older dialect of Japanese, it was necessary to first translate the text from older Japanese to modern Japanese, and then to English. Remember when diving into the enemy to shout at the top of your lungs: Hissatsu!, At that moment, all the cherry blossoms at Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo will smile brightly at you. The fathers voice is never actually heard in the poem. The Togo pilots seem to have believed, at least tentatively, that their guaranteed deaths had some small chance of preventing this defeat from happening; therefore, the only logical and ethical thing to do with a life already marked for death was to commit themselves and their planes to those deaths to avert national defeat. With memories of his childhood entering his head, the pilot turns back from his suicide mission and is afterwards shunned by his family. In the West, a military manual would generally assume there is at least a chance of returning alive. Katz, S. B. A fiery, violent suicide is reduced to an easy-to-solve trigonometry problem. A modern poem that offers an alternative interpretation of bravery in conflict: it does not focus on a soldier in battle but on the mother who is left behind and must cope with his death. University of Chicago Press. It is one of the poems in the AQA Anthology. Other military discourse studies roughly parallel to ours suggest, curiously, that there are many important artifacts to be explored in military documents, but none of them ever reflect well on the military.
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