Step 1: Identify a Speech. Professor Mercieca, thanks for talking with us. they dont like seeing ) in Trumps comments. Teachers can choose to have students focus on one or more historical inaugurations and analyze the speeches by looking at the historical challenges facing the nation, topics discussed in the. Useful for a wide variety of reading and writing activities, this outlining tool allows students to organize up to five levels of information. The second proposes to consider four overall stylistic measurements and applies them to the different candidates while the last sub-section describes the differences in the distribution of the grammatical categories between candidates. As one can see from his most specific terms and sentences, Cruzs concerns are related to a reform of the fiscal system, and the health care system. Of course, other models can be used as, for example, the hypergeometric one (Baayen, 2008) which could be viewed as the exact distribution. Analyzes president john f kennedy's use of parallelism, aristotle appeals, trustworthy information for other sources, and references back to himself. Table 4 confirms that Trump owns a style very distinct than the others. Listeners should keep in mind the context of the situation involving the delivery and the audience-but a keen observer should also pay close attention to the elements of argument within the text. We will use rhetorical analysis to examine how presidential candidates and political commentators attempt to achieve their purposes in speeches, websites, and articles. In 1929, Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on this day. Abstract: This paper analyzes President Obama's rhetoric in his two inaugural addresses in order to determine how his presidential rhetoric conforms and violates current rhetorical traditions in inaugural addresses. His image was centered around his verbosity, egocentricity, and pomposity. Read the excerpt from Ronald Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech. As shown previously, the h-point is rather small, and thus, the words reflecting more the style (e.g. Trump will also employ a rhetorical technique called paralipsis to make claims that he can't be. In the following sentences, one can also see two topics, usually more related to the Democrats, namely education, and health care reform. Moreover, Trump is using pronouns lessexcept Ithan the others. From a stylistic point of view, the Republican cluster {Bush, Cruz, Rubio} is well separated from the second Republican group {Kasich, Trump, and with a smaller additional distance Paul} as well as for the Democrats {Clinton, OMalley, Sanders}. SHAPIRO: What do you mean when you say that? Other intertextual measures have been chosen as, for example, the chi-square (Grieve, 2007), the Delta (Burrows, 2002), or using the Kullback-Leibler divergence (Zhao and Zobel, 2007). A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF DONALD J. TRUMP'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS DANIELLE F. DICKERSON 2019 In this thesis, I utilized three distinct theories (ideographs, dramatism, and the bully pulpit) to rhetorically analyze and assess President Trump's 2017 inaugural address. They gather, evaluate, and synthesize data from a variety of sources (e.g., print and nonprint texts, artifacts, people) to communicate their discoveries in ways that suit their purpose and audience. When used appropriately, this strategy can allow for a well-developed and persuasive approach to communication, whether in writing or everyday conversation. An antanagoge uses a negative and positive statement in one. % of ! How might worldwide demand for gasoline affect the economy of the Gulf coastal plain? Usually Senators (e.g. Skills: In completing this assignment, you will practice the following skills that are essential to your success at MCC and your professional life beyond school. 5. Using the State of the Union addresses given by the Founding Fathers, this average value is 39.6 (with Madison depicting the highest MSL with 44.8 tokens/sentence). O to highlight differences between opposing sides. Ask students to consider how the author manipulates the audience using tone, diction, and stylistic devices. Even if Hillarys candidature appeared more natural, she needed to convince the Democrats and their sympathizers that she was the right person who can win the general election. Using the Diction system, Bligh et al. Be sure that your students are familiar with rhetorical strategies, literary devices, SOAPS, tone, diction, etc. Traditionally, teachers have encouraged students to engage with and interpret literaturenovels, poems, short stories, and plays. The last row of Table 4 reports the values of this Q-index for all candidates. What is Speech Analysis? 1. Applying this procedure, the term specificity can be computed according to the text P0. Comparing and contrasting procedures for text clustering, Italian Journal of Applied Linguistics - Statistica Applicata, Affective news: the automated coding of sentiment in political texts, Classifying party affiliation from political speech, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, Language and gender in congressional speech, The Author 2017. health care reform in 1993). To define the lemma of each token, the part-of-speech (POS) tagger developed by Toutanova et al. MERCIECA: First of all, he communicates like a demagogue and not like a president. He does it even in interviews. Cruz, Paul, Clinton, Sanders) tend to prefer using the pronoun I, at least during an electoral campaign. On this icy day in Washington D. C, Barack Obama gave his inaugural speech after taking the oath of office. According to several overall stylistic indicators, candidate Trump clearly adopted a simple and direct communication style, avoiding complex formulation and vocabulary. Have them choose an audience to whom they would deliver an argumentative speech. In a related study using a training corpus, Laver et al. Jacques Savoy, Analysis of the style and the rhetoric of the 2016 US presidential primaries, Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, Volume 33, Issue 1, April 2018, Pages 143159, https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqx007. electoral speeches, party manifestos, Web sites of the candidates, social networks information flow). In this table, the personal pronouns are depicted in bold. . May 2018. For example, positive emotion words occur more frequently in Democrats tweets than in Republican ones, as well as swear expressions, or first singular person pronouns (e.g. MERCIECA: Well, I mean, when he dehumanizes people, when he tells his followers, you know, that you have to be forceful, you have to be strong TRUMP: Because you'll never take back our country with weakness - you have to show strength, and you have to be strong. More than half the articles published by rhetorical critics during this period concern a single presidential speech. 1 0 obj One can consider that electoral speeches delivered by the candidates correspond also to an oral communication form and thus can be included in our corpus. The same feature can be assigned to Sanders. What are bank runs, deposit insurance, and liquidity? Anne Hutchinson was a prominent figure in the religious and political landscape of colonial America. This phenomenon appears in other languages and countries when analyzing electoral speeches as, for example, in France (Labb and Monire, 2008b). Focusing on the USA, recent studies confirm these findings as, for example, using the State of the Union (Savoy, 2015a) or inaugural addresses (Kubt and Cech, 2016). For Cruz, the most significant words depicted in Table 6 have a clearer meaning when reading two of his most specific sentences. The previous section focusses mainly on stylistic features, both at the lexical and syntactical level. Similar themes appear under several candidates with different terminology such as caliphate (Bush), Islamic (Cruz), ISIL (OMalley). One can complement this study by considering the terms ignored or used very infrequently in this primary election. President Abraham Lincoln, in his inaugural address, addresses the topic of the civil war and its effects on the nation and argues that America could be unified once more. Photo by Rowland Scherman. (2010) analyze the rhetoric of H. Clinton during the 2008 presidential election. Using the LIWC system, Slatcher et al. say, know, go, want), and the noun president. When considering the most frequent lemmas, the candidates can be split into two groups, one using more frequently the pronoun I, and the second favoring more the we (which corresponds to candidates leaving the presidential run sooner). What would you put at the top of the list? On the bottom part, one can find the Democrats, with a shorter distance between Clinton and Sanders than with OMalley. Go around to check and to monitor as students share their ideas and progress. 7. Entering History: Nikki Giovanni and Martin Luther King, Jr. Freedom of Speech and Automatic Language: Examining the Pledge of Allegiance, Giving Voice to Students Through "This I Believe" Podcasts, For Argument's Sake: Playing "Devil's Advocate" with Nonfiction Texts, And in Conclusion: Inquiring into Strategies for Writing Effective Conclusions, Developing Evidence-Based Arguments from Texts. Presidential Speeches Rhetorical Analysis Bundle. In a few words, Trump is able to talk not about a single but a few topics. These personality measurements were in agreement with different opinion polls. This website contains audio of the Top 100 speeches of all time. Explain. Note. For example, "each one of us is as intimately attached to the soil of this beautiful country as are the famous jacaranda . Rhetorical strategies are also sometimes called rhetorical modes. With this information one can derive the lemma by removing the plural form of nouns (e.g. MERCIECA: Yeah, he's absolutely used the fire hose of propaganda model. With this foundation, even if you are just starting out, you can become . The presence of long sentences (OMalley, Clinton, Sanders) indicates a substantiated reasoning or specifies the presence of detailed explanations. Martnez and Gonzlez's (Citation 2012) study utilized Systemic Functional Linguistic meaning-making tools in analyzing U.S. presidential campaign speeches. When her campaign starts (14 April 2015), everything seemed simple and the road to the nomination seems without any real problem. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of EADH. From George Washington to George W. Bush, Delta: a measure of stylistic difference and a guide to likely authorship, Testing the thematic concentration of text, Cutting the Gordian Knot: the moving-average type-token ratio (MATTR), The use of function word frequencies as indicators of style, Quantitative authorship attribution: an evaluation of techniques, Text as data: the promise and pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts, Verbal Style and the Presidency. For the modern American president, the ability to be an effective public speaker can make all the difference in terms of the perception of the intelligence of any given commander-in-chief of the most powerful nation on earth. Differentiations between political parties can however be observed as, for example, studies based on tweets (Sylwester and Purver, 2015). Obama stated many things in his speech, which Clark states related to four rhetorical strategies: The power of allusion, parallelism, the "two-ness" of texture, and autobiography. In this lesson plan, students consider the rhetorical devices in the address JFK delivered on January 20, 1961. Moreover, the statements are certainly authored, at least in part, by a team of speechwriters. The value of this talent is also highly desirable among employers in . 1 depicts three main groups, one Democrat, and two Republicans. Tree-based graphs are more appropriate when displaying similarities between author profiles or stylistic affinities between works (Labb and Labb, 2006; Labb, 2007). C) Loaded language is used to appeal to emotions. Many people assume that the speaker (president, senator, etc.) Nominated by the Democrats (28 July 2016), Hillary Clinton always appeared as a cold woman, a member of the political establishment rejected by many people. As a first indicator, one can consider the mean sentence length (MSL) reflecting a syntactical choice. xksg#N=f%qI>P$EHF& 1E]~O6m6lzf~?|\N?xX-O?m6jF/:'g gMN7~-_/NLf/_4Y!'Y#;rlS?5/~|lxR:M` Virginia ranked among the largest, wealthiest, and most populous colonies in 1775, and her political and military support for independence would be crucial for success. Preparation Historical Background and Context On January 20, 1961, a clerk of the US Supreme Court held the large Fitzgerald family Bible as John F. Kennedy took the oath of office to become the nation's 35th president. Those Z score values can verify whether the underlying lemma is used proportionally with roughly the same frequency in both parts (Z score value close to 0). MERCIECA: And those are ways of, you know, attacking in the moment but also signaling to his followers that no one should trust the media. Just after the announcement of his candidacy for President (16 June 2015), his candidacy was mainly viewed as marginal, without pertinent interest, and without a real future. Read the excerpt from Franklin Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war. By working with primary sources from the online collections of the Library of Congress, students can explore the people and events that shaped these speeches. For the Republican candidates (Jeb Bush, Ted Cruz, John Kasich, Rand Paul, Marco Rubio, and Donald Trump), twelve TV debates were organized, from the 1st one held on 6 August 2015 with ten candidates, to the last one organized on 10 March 2016 with four candidates. Look, I have the greatest respect for Senator Sanders and for his supports and I'm going to keep working as hard as I can to reach as many people of all ages about what I will do, what the experience and the ideas that I have that I will bring to the White House and I hope to have their support when I'm the Democratic nominee. (H. Clinton, 17 January 2016), I think now what I've called for is counsel for every child so that no child has to face any kind of process without someone who speaks and advocates for that child so that the right decision hopefully can be made. (H. Clinton, 11 February 2016), Lets make the Affordable Care Act work for everybody. (H. Clinton, 4 February 2016). The The questions that you can use to examine a text's rhetorical situation are in Chapter 6.2. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963. He supports his claim by using massive amounts of parallel structure and strong word choice. SHAPIRO: So as you study Trump's use of language, there are so many ways he is different from presidents who came before him.
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