During the past two decades concern over the extent of an authors self-citation has risen in tandem with increased emphasis on citation-related performance indicators in the context of research evaluation and competition for support (Hicks 2012; Wilsdon et al. Simoes, N., & Crespo, N. (2020). However, the use of non-article-level metrics to determine the impact of a single article is statistically invalid. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Tang, L., Shapira, P., & Youtie, J. Lin, W. Y. C., & Huang, M. H. (2012). A paper with an exceptionally high ratio of self- to total-cites is clearly not reflecting the same degree of influence as one with a similar citation count where most of the cites are from other researchers. The levels we have selected for listing by field and year are 0.01%, 0.1%, 1.0%, and 10%. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Patterns of self-citation across disciplines (19801989). Changing patterns of self-citation: Cumulative inquiry or self-promotion? Citation frequency is highly skewed with many infrequently cited papers and relatively few highly cited papers. Hyland, K., & Jiang, F. K. (2018). https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.06142. Citation counts follow mostly a lognormal distribution, except for the long tail, which is better fit by a power law.[17]. Clinical medicine is the largest field (448 Highly Cited Researchers). Central range is used here as a descriptive, non-technical term to indicate the more consistent plateau of similar self-citation rates within each field that encompasses somewhat more than the inter-quartile range for these data. The difference between research influence and self-citation excess, $${\text{Threshold}} = \left[ {{\text{Q}}3} \right] + \left[ {\left( {{\text{Q}}3 - {\text{Q}}1} \right)*N} \right]$$, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03417-5, How hot are hot papers? Issues are: There are two resources for determining how the number of citations to a work compares to other cited works. The graph below depicts the percentile rank of Frontiers journals (blue dots) in their respective JCR category. Self-citation is the hallmark of productive authors, of any gender. Results The search identified 296 articles of reporting guidelines . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221212. An early estimate was 8%, based on first author to first author self-citation and modest data availability (Garfield and Sher 1963). The false myth of the rise in self-citations, and the impressively positive effect of bibliometric evaluations on the increase of the impact of Italian research. How much is too much? Are citations indicative or predictive of translational or clinical applications? In addition, the average number and age of the references, and the ratio of new publications in the field and the total number of publications play a role . These data are therefore susceptible to a thorough quantitative analysis that is unaffected by small-number effects among papers or cites for any single cluster. We also find an association between articles that include statements that link to data in a repository and up to 25.36% ( 1.07%) higher citation impact on average, using a citation prediction model. It follows that 90% of Microbiology papers published in 2011 received fewer than 14 citations. For example, the top decile of author self-citation could be within normal range for some fields and yet not for others. Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article. Country over-citation ratios. CiteScore metrics: A family of eight metrics and useful features. Manipulation of explicit reputation in innovation and knowledge exchange communities: The example of referencing in science. Geosciences papers is 9.54, and for Immunology papers it is 20.38. Significance was considered when the P-value was < 0.05. Frontiers ranked 3rd most-cited with an average of 4.8 citations per article. 2019). Our impact metrics reflect the power of research that is open to all. Schreiber, M. (2007). Classification method for detecting coercive self-citation in journals. Ferrara, E., & Romero, A. E. (2013). Mathematics has a lower Citation https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153730. Scientometrics,113(2), 11991207. As Covid-19 remains in the spotlight, the existing Covid-19 body of literature continues to be heavily leaned upon by scientists hoping to expand the existing knowledge further. Private acts and public objects: an investigation of citer motivations. The preliminary clusters were then cleaned by visual inspection and further aggregated where appropriate. The skewness and Kurtosis tests were used for testing the normal distribution of continuous variables. The terminology used to describe these different aspects of self-mention can be confusing: self-referencing is called synchronous and (in terms of author or journal citations) the self-citing rate; self-citation is called diachronous and (in terms of author or journal citations) the self-cited rate (Garfield 1979; Lawani 1982; Todeschini and Baccini 2016). Andersen, J. P., Schneider, J. W., Jagsi, R. & Nielsen, M. W. (2019). Today, both excessive self-citation and citation cartels are real concerns and have been documented (Ioannidis 2015; Fister et al. (2006). An exact calculation of Prices Law for the Law of Lotka. Qualifiers and confounding issues immediately arise when asking what constitutes excessive or extreme levels of author self-citation. discover how a known idea or innovation has been confirmed, applied, improved, extended, or corrected.. Arxiv preprint. Lina Zhou, Uchechukwuka Amadi & Dongsong Zhang, Lawrence Smolinsky, Daniel S. Sage, Aaron Cao, Stefano Mammola, Elena Piano, Dan Chamberlain, Maziar Montazerian, Edgar Dutra Zanotto & Hellmut Eckert, Scientometrics This is very important when considering tests for outliers. Google Scholar. Glnzel, W., & Thijs, B. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Bakare, V., & Lewison, G. (2017). Does self-citation pay? If a co-author has established a track record that depends in fact on egregious self-citation by their colleagues then their record is no more valid than the self-citer, of whom they must be aware. (defined by research field and publication year) by the total number of papers The Highly Cited Researchers review procedure has the goal of identifying community-wide influence and its focus is the extent of self-citing rather than self-referencing, but both are examined for each putative selectee. [50] This finding has suggested a universal citation impact measure that extends the h-index by properly rescaling citation counts and resorting publications, however the computation of such a universal measure requires the collection of extensive citation data and statistics for every discipline and year. A series of disconnected points, rather more extended than in other fields, lies above this crossing the low and then the high indicative outlier threshold. Goodhart's law [] states that when a feature of the economy is picked as an indicator of the economy, then it inexorably ceases to function as that indicator because people start to game it. This would mean that the article is being cited an average of 50% more times per year than expected for articles within its co-citation network published in the same year. A fractional approach to self-citation counting. This suggests that journal impact factor, which is a product of the number of citations that recently published articles receive, will likely be drastically influenced by the number of Covid-19 papers that a journal has included within its pages in the previous years. The negative binomial regression model was selected over a linear regression model because it resulted in a better fit to the data and was more appropriate for count data. Citation-like measures are also used in other fields that do ranking, such as Google's PageRank algorithm, software metrics, college and university rankings, and business performance indicators. Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America, Affiliation: Science,335(6068), 542543. The self-citation rate to highly cited papers is relatively consistent and mostly within a central range up to 10% self-citations. 2019), although not all agree with this finding (DAntuono and Ciavarella 2019). Do citations provide a full narrative of meaningful health outcomes? Self-citations in scientific literature. Web of Science provides evidence of collaboration with other scientists and institutions, publication productivity, cited-by works, the h-index and also includes tools for creating citation maps. 2016;14(9):e1002541. Total citations, or average citation count per article, can be reported for an individual author or researcher. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,59(10), 16311643. Cherry Hill, NJ: Computer Horizons Inc. Peritz, B. 2010). It's calculated by dividing the total number of citations received by all papers in the group (defined by research field and publication year) by the total number of papers in the group. The prevalence of synchronous self-citation practices at the institutional level. Cham: Springer. 2018; Baccini et al. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. ScienceDirect is a database that contains over 25% of the worlds science, technology and medicine full text and bibliographic information (journals and books) published by Elsevier and other publishers. [12] To reach the top-100 papers required 12,119 citations by 2014. A younger person with few publications would not generally exhibit high rates of self-citation. Linear plots by Essential Science Indicators field of the pattern of self-referencing to earlier papers by Highly Cited Researchers identified by analysing Web of Science data for 20082018 and to (self-citing from later publications) highly cited papers on which a researcher is also an author or co-author. As such, researchers are eager to add their contributions to what is known and what can be done to combat Covid-19 and, to do this, are citing earlier works to support their approaches. Merton later included humility in one description of the norms of scientific research (Merton 1957). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0745-2. The concept of self-citation (self-referencing or self-citation) can also be defined narrowly or broadly, that is, including or not including coauthors (Snyder and Bonzi 1998; Aksnes 2003; Glnzel et al. 46(1) 118-130 The Author(s) 2019 . InCites Benchmarking & Analytics is a research analytics tool. The following excerpt from a Citation Rates table reveals that on Copiello, S. (2019). In the early days of January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a bulletin that brought attention to 44 new cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology that had appeared at the end of December 2019 in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of China [1]. The self-referencing median rates and outlier thresholds are similar across fields but these are more variable for the self-citation indicators. In our study, we use Clarivates Web of ScienceScience Citation Index Expanded database to identify Covid-19 papers published in 24 major scientific journals over a period of 24 months from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021. The FWCI is the ratio of the article's citations to the average number of citations received by all similar articles over a three-year window. Self-citations and scientific evaluation: Leadership, influence, and performance. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.mar.03. Note that we are excluding citations from 2017, as RCRs exclude the first calendar year in which the article was published. 3) HPoP also provides an age-weighted citation rate (AWCR) that measures the average number of citations to an entire body of work, adjusted for the number of years since the academic's first paper was published. Self-citation rates for 240 Highly Cited Researchers in the Essential Science Indicators field of Chemistry (CHE), analysing Web of Science data for 20082018. 2015; Bornmann 2017). Gilbert, N. G. (1977). To aid in interpretation, therefore, we adopted a graphical approach and both linear and log plots and analyses of referencing and citing rates were examined. The trajectory changes at the higher end, curving upwards towards much greater self-citation rates. Viiu, G. A. Meadows, A. J., & OConnor, J. G. (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2913-5. 6, 7, 8, 9). So the RCR would be 9 citations per year / 6 citations per year = 1.5 Self-citation as an impact-reinforcing mechanism in the science system. DAntuono, P. & Ciavarella, M. (2019). The citation rate in any single year can serve as a baseline to assess the impact of a paper in the same research field published in that year. Team size matters: Collaboration and scientific impact since 1900. Very importantly, however, the data here and in the Appendix show that in some fields, within the central normal range and below the statistical threshold, there can be a well-populated and unproblematic upper decile and even upper percentile. Evaluative bibliometrics: The use of publication and citation analysis in the evaluation of scientific activity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research,78(1), 711. More recently, advanced models for a dynamic analysis of citation aging have been proposed. This suggests that a propensity to unusually high self-citation rates is not distributed uniformly across all research areas. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,61(7), 15141515. However, their citation records are substantial enough not to be affected by small variations and they should be broadly representative of peer expectations about standards and good practice in publication and citation behaviour. Seven myths in bibliometrics about facts and fiction in quantitative science studies. Social Forces,74(2), 379422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03139-3. The median self-reference rate and the median self-citation rate for each ESI field are compared in Fig. Social Studies of Science,5(1), 8692. 2018; Zhao and Strotmann 2018; Ioannidis et al. In our sample, the database captured about three-quarters of the papers that should be included but is more precise in labeling only reports of research on original work as Article. The data set, which lists around 100,000 researchers, shows that at least 250 scientists have amassed more than 50% of their citations from themselves or their co-authors, while the median. The calculation is number of citations / number of papers, where papers is defined as regular scientific articles, review articles, proceedings papers, and research notes. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03243-4. 3 (self-referencing) and Fig. Citations, citation indicators, and research quality: An overview of basic concepts and theories. A clear exception to the general profile is Mathematics, where self-citation rates in the continuous distribution may be well above 30%.
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