B-13. B-51. Concealment is protection from observation and surveillance (JP 1-02). Commanders look for enemy weaknesses and strengths in order to deny options to enemy commanders and keep them reacting to friendly maneuvers. It's basically the. They plan to exploit success and aggressively look for opportunities, keeping within the higher commander's intent. This understanding allows subordinates to identify and recognize information needed to answer CCIR. Examples of key civilian areas are-. Column 2, Essential Element of Information The category/functional element of data to be collected. In the case of PIRs, especially PIR that are CCIR, resource allocation involves tasking ISR assets to collect the information and process it into intelligence. They produce constructive results by the force of argument and the example of their actions. The size or make up of a force might also be an indicator of what type of element it is but there could be some danger in using an indicator like this. However, civilian organizations may possess specialized capabilities that they may be willing to share with military forces. (Occupied Beds/ Vacant Beds/ Bed Requirements). The importance of keywords and subject-specific vocabulary in writing an information report has already been mentioned. Processing transforms data into information. To be truly effective, a units PIRs must be nested with that units next higher echelons PIR. Other organizations may come from outside the AO. All projects in Grants Portal have an EEI section that must be completed prior to submission of the grant to FEMA for review. B-19. Essential Elements of Information are project-specific documentation required from the Applicant. In general, commanders do not require RI beyond a moderate level to accomplish their individual missions, so long as it is accurate, timely, and usable. Would an overhead satellite image effectively answer the question or do you need Ground Moving Target Indicators (GMTI) because the PIR can only be answered by the detection of movement? IM is a dynamic process that supports commanders in the fast-moving operational environment. B-71. In "Fundamentals of Information Systems," Ralph Stair and George Reynolds define a computer-based information system (CBIS) as a "single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information." Therefore, tactically and technically competent subordinates and staffs must recognize it as vital. 3- Maps and other geographic tools get Information from a Spatial perspective. Technological innovation, external social influences, and natural and manmade disasters (such as, hurricanes, environmental damage, and war) affect the attitudes and activities of governments and civilian populations. Commanders and staffs can recognize relationships among events in the area of interest, discern the way the enemy thinks, and forecast what he might do. The collector may become fixated on counting equipment and only reporting when they see the exact size force described by the indicator. 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Commanders decide what IRs are critical IRs based on their individual cognitive abilities and commander's visualization. Descriptive Title and Subheads. Intelligence does not come as raw data; to be RI in C2, it must come through the intelligence cycle. In this example the EEIs for this PIR would look something like, Will the Donovian commander use his fixing force against Alpha Company in Granite pass? or Will the Donovian commander use his fixing force against Charlie Company in the Central Corridor?. (2014). This page is not available in other languages. Until data is processed, it is often difficult to tell if it is relevant. It is passed to the commander by the fastest possible means. By definition, commanders need it to make a decision. Corridors (ridge and valley systems) can either form natural avenues of approach (if they run toward an objective), or obstacles to movement (if they run perpendicular to the direction of movement, forming cross compartments). Extremely time-sensitive in terms of decisionmaking; there can be no delays in transmission. Nor do mission commanders have to settle for PIR that dont give him the answers he needs to make a decision. Consideration of time available further includes the time subordinate commanders and units require to plan and prepare their own operations. These are two distinct questions that have a positive or negative answer. The mission statement defines the who, what, when, where, and why of the operation. They influence and interact with the populace, the force, and each other. On a daily basis, what behavioral health care assets can HHS OPDIVS and ESF#8 partners deploy in support of the state(s)? Terrain adjacent to the AO may be key if its control is necessary to accomplish the mission. In the context of the cognitive hierarchy, knowledge is information analyzed to provide meaning and value, or evaluated as to implications for the operation. (or what percentage of the population can be covered?). What is current status of potable water within the damaged area? Weather can create opportunities as well as difficulties for each side. This appendix expands the discussion of information in chapter 3. Relevant information is also placed into four categories based on how it is used: B-56. The world's increasing urbanization means that the attitudes and activities of the civilian population in the AO often influence the outcome of military operations. In almost every case, military forces have more resources than civilian organizations. Commanders and staffs analyze capabilities from different levels. Readers are provided once again with an instructive mix of mathematics, physics, statistics, and information theory. The source used by the data collector. Commanders analyze their forces for weaknesses and vulnerabilities that enemies might exploit, and act to counter them. IM begins (at the lower left corner of figure B-2) with questions that the commander and staff need answered to exercise C2. Engineer topographic teams produce terrain analysis products to help commanders visualize the effect of terrain on operations. Commanders base their decisionmaking on their situational understanding, using the COP and recommendations from staff running estimates. (See figure B-1.) It occurs continually. In intelligence: Levels of intelligence they are usually called the essential elements of information and are defined as those items of intelligence information about a foreign power, armed force, target, or physical environment that are absolutely vital for timely and accurate decision making. People is a general term used to describe nonmilitary personnel encountered by military forces. It also requires subordinates to thoroughly understand the commander's intent. RI used to create the COP is COP-related information. Some RI is essential for ongoing tasks staffs perform, regardless of the type of mission. With responsibility in most cases for an entire continent, Army Service Components must accurately prioritize their information requirements or risk being overwhelmed by information. The latest edition of this classic is updated with new problem sets and material The Second Edition of this fundamental textbook maintains the books tradition of clear, thought-provoking instruction. While true understanding should be the basis for their decisions, commanders realize that uncertainty and time preclude achieving perfect situational understanding before deciding and acting. So, an indicator of where the enemy commander is going to employ his breaching force is the location of the IMR-2, a very distinct looking piece of equipment, within the enemy force. Intelligence professionals must take the time to use these tools effectively. Other business practices compliment the process, too, such as (1) Area of Intelligence Responsibility (AOIR) for collection, analysis, production, and dissemination; (2) Intelligence Handover Lines (IHL) for mission federation; (3) PIR-SIR-SOR-SDR for sensor synchronization; and (4) intelligence architecture for sensor and apparatus customization. The host nation or other nations might provide these resources and services. The distinctions between the levels of the cognitive hierarchy are not always clear. These questions focus the analytical energy of the organization and provide areas of emphasis for collectors. In this case, the location and movement of the friendly reserve are EEFI. Commanders identify potential enemy and friendly engagement areas through observation and fields of fire. In Evaluating Immunities before a Special Tribunal for Aggression Against Ukraine, the Type of Tribunal Matters, Chinas Ferry Tale Taiwan Invasion Plan Is A Legal Nightmare, China Maritime Report No. What is the projected requirement for materiel and countermeasures for RDD response? Commanders use rehearsals to fit TTPs to the situation. This is no more important than at the theater or ASCC level. Many people make the mistake of trying to encompass more than one question into a PIR, When and where will the Donovian commander used his fixing force? This question is asking two distinct things, when will the commander use his forces and where will he use them. Start out the presentation by addressing the audience and by appealing to them. Effective commanders and staffs know how much time and space their units need to plan, prepare, and execute operations. The collection assets as designated in the SIRs collect on their assigned targets using their specific method of collection. From the Collection Battalion to the Army Service Component Command (ASCC), PIR (and the analysis that goes into answering them) are one the most important tasks of the Intelligence enterprise. B-32. These considerations can influence the choice of a COA and the execution of operations. The activities of a force-or individual members of a force-can have far-reaching effects on the legitimacy of all military operations-offense, defense, stability, or support. Commanders ensure their soldiers understand that a tactically successful operation can also be operationally or strategically counterproductive because of the way in which they execute it or how the people perceive its execution. (See figure B-2.) Avenues of Approach. Commanders do this through designating CCIR. Observation is the condition of weather and terrain that permits a force to see the friendly, enemy, and neutral personnel and systems, and key aspects of the environment. : How does the analyst know he or she has answered an EEI? And critical replenishment points? However, when their resolution is necessary to accomplish the mission, commanders become concerned with them. Does it include at-risk needs? When established, EEFI have a priority on a level with CCIR. Differences in mobility, protection, firepower, equipment, morale, experience, leadership, and training make some units more suitable for certain missions than others. Capabilities include those areas in which the populace may need help after combat operations, such as, public works and utilities, public health, economics, and commerce. If you want to give a successful presentation, you need to connect with your audience. 1. Other business practices compliment the process, too, such as (1) Area of Intelligence Responsibility (AOIR) for, collection, analysis, production, and dissemination, U.S. Army Intelligence & Security Command. What is the forecasted need for behavioral health care resources over the next 72 hrs 1 week? These responsibilities may include providing humanitarian assistance. The Collection Manager would then take the PIR worksheet and assign collection assets to fulfill the requirements. Health and Social Services EEIs (Impact Data). Consequently, commanders never assume their operations will unfold as planned. This important but often overlooked aspect of the PIR can help the collection manager to properly assign collectors. Have rates of psychiatric illness been restored to pre-event levels? A more appropriate way to ask the question is, How will the Donovian commander use his fixing forces? As will be illustrated in the later sections of this piece, answering this question as apposed to the previous one can provide more detailed insights into the enemy commanders thought process and can trigger the blue force commander to make a decision. Please turn on JavaScript and try again. These questions require staffs to modify IRs and commanders to modify their CCIR. Essential nutrients are compounds that the body can't make or can't make in sufficient quantity. Appendix B Essential Elements of Information. What is the NDMS bed availability? SOPs promote understanding and teamwork among commanders, staffs, and subordinates. The EEI are specific to a particular event, thing, or other target individual. Have essential services been restored to them? (See FM 101-5-2.) What is the non-NDMS bed status in the affected and surrounding areas, including at-risk population needs? B-29. One of the misnomers regarding Priority Intelligence Requirements is that there can be only one set at a time. The EEI are written out in advance as questions by consumers of the EEI information. EEIs should be added or deleted to the ICP for each operational period depending on the specific circumstances and phase of response. What staging areas are being used by Federal responders? Copyright 2023 | Site by 3C Web Services, The Importance of Priority Intelligence Requirements to the, Most Military Intelligence Brigades, Theater [MIB (T)] have an Analytical Control Element (ACE) and Collection Battalion supporting the Army Service Component Command (ASCC). Answering this question, however, is the goal of the rest of the process. Civil considerations generally focus on the immediate impact of civilians on operations in progress; however, they also include larger, long-term diplomatic, informational, and economic issues at higher levels. B-23. B-76. It is a continuous process consisting of five phases. Terrain that offers cover and concealment limits fields of fire. Is DOD assistance available to providemedical surge capability support? What is the status of environmental assessments (i.e., air and water quality, etc.)? Processing includes filtering, fusing, formatting, organizing, collating, correlating, plotting, translating, categorizing, and arranging. B-36. This is the information part of an information system, and whether that is statistical data, sets of instructions, lists of names or even graphics and animations, it is all key to a CBIS. In all cases, the fewer the CCIR, the better the staff can focus its efforts and allocate scarce resources. B-63. Integration occurs as information moves up the cognitive hierarchy. A specific set of EEIs are used by collectors to develop a collection plan to find the answers to the questions in the EEIs. : This is the overarching question that needs to be answered. Staffs may recommend CCIR, based on mission analysis during planning and on assessment during preparation and execution; however, they keep the number of recommended CCIR to a minimum. 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