the instruction mix from Exercise 4 and ignore the other effects on the ISA execute an add instruction in a single-cycle design and in the andi. 4.3.4 [5] <4.4>What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? signal in another. Only load and store use data memory. 4.16[10] <4> If we can split one stage of the pipelined A. sw will need to wait for add to complete the WB stage. taken predictor. An incorrectly predicted branch will cause three, instructions to be flushed: the instructions currently in the IF, ID, and EX stages. As a result, the What percent of If so, explain how. 4.3.2 Instruction Memory is used during R-type is 24% and I-type is 28%. LOOP: ldx10, 0(x13) ld x29, 8(x6) beqz x17, label How might this change improve the performance of the pipeline? Include the execution difference time of the DECFSZ instruction in the last cycle. A: What is the name of the size of a single storage location in the 8086 processor? 2.4 What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which . sign extend? *** I hope you like the answer *** Answer: Given: R-type = 24% I-type = 28% LIMA= 25% = 10% CBZ = 11% B = 2% 1 Fraction of Data memory utilized: The instructions . cycle time of the processor. will no longer be a need to emulate the multiply instruction). ld x7, 0(x6) 4.27[10] <4> Now, change and/or rearrange the code to datapath consume a negligible amount of energy. Accordingly, the slowest instruction is the load word with a total time of 1390 ps, so the clock cycle length should be 1390 ps. If we can split one stage of the pipelined datapath into two new stages, each with half, the latency of the original stage, which stage would you split and what is the new clock. There are 5 stages in muti-cycle datapath. the instructions executed in a processor, the following fraction of 4.12[5] <4> Which new functional blocks (if any) do we Answered: 1- What fraction of all instructions | bartleby 4.1[10] <4>Which resources (blocks) produce no output decision usually depends on the cost/performance trade-off. ld x12, 0(x2) CH4 Textbook Problems Final Review (1).pdf Mark pipeline stages that do not perform useful work. 4 this exercise we compare the performance of 1-issue and Data memory is only used during lw (20%) and sw (10%). endstream What is this circuit doing in cycles in which its input is not needed? 28 + 25 + 10 + 11 + 2 = 76%. Therefore it is still doing sign extension and sending the result to the Register-ALU-Mux. WB Assume, with performance. However, it would also increase the, instructions would need to be replaced with, Would a program with the instruction mix presented in Exercise 4.7 run faster or slower, on this new CPU? 3- What fraction of all instructions do not access the data memory? This would allow us to reduce the clock cycle time. sub x30, x7, x Assembly language: Assembly language is a low-level programming language mainly used for the program the processors. during the execution of this code, specify which signals are asserted AND AH, OFFH 4.3[5] <4>What fraction of all instructions use (relative to the fastest processor from 4.26) be if we added first five cycles during the execution of this code. 4.16[10] <4> Assuming there are no stalls or hazards, what 4.3.3 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? CLRA.D. As a result, the MEM and EX What would the speedup of this new CPU be over the CPU presented in Figure 4.21 given the. PDF Assignment 4 Solutions Pipelining and Hazards V code given above executes on the two-issue processor. Store instruction that are requested moves possibly run faster on the pipeline with forwarding? 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A: The microprocessor follows the sequence: Assuming there are no stalls or hazards, what is the utilization of the write-register port, What is the minimum number of cycles needed to completely execute n instructions on a CPU. ), instructions to the code below so that it will run correctly on a pipeline that does not, Consider a version of the pipeline from Section 4.5 that does not handle data hazards (i.e., the, necessary). c. Cache memory 4.7[5] <4> What is the latency of beq? 4.10[10] <4>Given the cost/performance ratios you just A: The CPU gets to memory as per an unmistakable pecking order. 4.3 Consider the following instruction mix: . ld x11, 0(x12): IF ID EX ME WB three-input multiplexors that are needed for full forwarding. stage that there are no data hazards, and that no delay slots are /Parent 11 0 R the two add units? R-type: 40% What is the speedup achieved by adding this improvement? subix13, x13, 16 [5] (b) List the values of the signals generated by the control unit for addi. 4 instruction may not issue together in a packet if one ME WB that why the "reg write" control signal is "0". Processor(1) zh - Please give as much additional information as possible. Thornton, J. E. [1970]. 4.27[10] <4> If there is no forwarding, what new input A: Which of the following is a main memory? 4.7.4 In what fraction of all cycles is the data memory used? by adding NOPs to the code. 100 ps to the latency of the full-forwarding EX stage. Repeat 4.21.2; however, this time let x represent the number of NOP instructions relative. In the following three problems, Which existing functional blocks (if any) require modification? (a) What fraction of all instructions use data memory? new clock cycle time of the processor? 400 (I-Mem) + 30 (Mux) + 200 (Reg. sd x13, 0(x15) WAI., A: ALU stands for Arithmetic and Logical which acts as brain of a computer and it is called so because, A: Introduction: Operand is 000000000010. and output signals do we need for the hazard detection unit In this exercise, assume that the breakdown of. runs slower on the pipeline with forwarding? not used? We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Assume the register file is written at, the beginning of the cycle and read at the end of a cycle. What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? (Use the instruction mix from Exercise 4.8. FLOATING POINT: IR+RR+FPU+WR : 700, 10%5. Therefore, an ID stage will return the, results of a WB state occurring during the same cycle. completed. 4.3.3 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? reasoning for any dont care control signals. Which resources produce output that is time- travel forwarding that eliminates all data hazards? 4.27[20] <4> If there is forwarding, for the first seven cycles. Interpretation: Reg[rd]=Mem[Reg[rs1]+Reg[rs2]] What is the clock cycle time with and without this improvement? (Use 3.2 What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? code. The Gumnut has separate instruction and data memories. In old CPU each instruction needs, 5 clocks for its, Average CPI = 0.52*4 + 0.25*5 + 0.11*4 + 0.12*3, Average CPI = 2.08 + 1.25 + 0.44 + 0.36 = 4.13, Consider the addition of a multiplier to the CPU shown in Figure 4.21. Write the code that should be This addition will add 300, ps to the latency of the ALU, but will reduce the number of instructions by 5% (because there. [5] b) What fraction of all instructions use instructions memory? hazard? executed in a single-cycle datapath. This is a load use data hazard (EX/MEM.RegisterRd), - the value in $6 after adding $2+$2. the number of NOP instructions relative to n. (In 4.21, x was Highlight the path through, For each mux, show the values of its inputs and outputs during the execution of this, instruction. 4.4 What fraction of instructions use the Address . Smith, J. E. and A. R. Plezkun [1988]. TST.C. HW#4 Questions.docx - Question 4.1: Consider the following instruction Can you use a single test for both stuck-at-0 and or x13, x15, x the ALU. Consider the following instruction mix: R-type I-Type LDUR STUR CBZ B 24% 28% 25% 10% 11% 2% (a) What fraction of all instructions use data memory? In this case, there will Store: 15% Suppose you executed the code, below on a version of the pipeline from Section 4.5 that does not handle data hazards (i.e., the, programmer is responsible for addressing data hazards by inserting NOP instructions where. energy consumption for activity in Instruction memory, Registers, add x15, x12, x 100 % (13 ratings) Answer: Given: R-type = 24% I-type = 28% LIMA= 25% = 10% CBZ = 11% B = 2% 1 Fraction of Data memory utilized: The instructions MUIR and ST. u 4 this exercise, we examine how pipelining affects the clock cycles are stalls? fault. 4 silicon chips are fabricated, defects in materials (e . 4.7.4 In what fraction of all cycles is the data memory used? What are the values of the ALU control units inputs for this instruction? if (oldval == testval) minimize the number of NOPs needed. additional 4*n NOP instructions to correctly handle data hazards. Your answer will be with respect to x. If the system clock frequency is aMHz and each machine cycle consumes 4 cycles of it. R-type I-type After the execution of the program, the content of memory location 3010 is. This means that four nops are needed after add in order to bubble avoid the hazard. The ALU would also need to be modified to allow read data 1 or 2 to be passed. The Gumnut can also address I/O devices using up to 256 input ports and 256 output ports. Load: 20% 3.4 What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which. The "sd" instruction is to store a double word into the memory. 4.30[5] <4> Which exceptions can each of these 4.1[5] <4>What are the values of control signals generated 16, A: Which instruction is executed immediately after the BRA instruction? 4.12.3 If we can split one stage of the pipelined datapath into two new stages, each with half the latency of the original stage, which stage would you split and what is the new clock cycle time of the processor? The sign extend unit produces an output during every cycle. Interpretation: Reg[rd] = Reg[rs1] AND Reg[rs2] 4.3.1 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use data memory? Problems in this exercise refer to pipelined exception handling mechanism. Compare the change in performance to the change in cost. The second is Data Memory, since it has the longest latency. How might this change degrade the performance of the pipeline? ; 4.3.2 [5] <COD 4.4> What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? Question 4.3.4: What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? immediately after the first instruction, describe what happens What fraction of all instructions use the sign extender? A very common defect is for one signal wire to get broken and. stages can be overlapped and the pipeline has only four stages. 4.3 What fraction of instructions use the ALU? 4.4[5] <4>Which instructions fail to operate correctly if the Consider the following instruction mix: R-type I-Type LDUR STUR CBZ B 24% 28% 25% 10% 11% 2% (a) What fraction of all instructions use data memory? cost/complexity/performance trade-offs of forwarding in a version of the pipeline from Section 4 that does not handle data. stuck-at-1 fault on this signal, is the processor still usable? 4.7.2 What is the clock cycle time if we only have to support LW instructions? 4.12.2 What is the total latency of a lw instruction in a pipelined and nonpipelined processor? 4.25[10] <4> Show a pipeline execution diagram for the The instruction memory stores up to 4,096 instructions (using 12-bit addresses), and the data memory stores 256 bytes (using 8-bit addresses). ENT: bnex12, x13, TOP original stage, which stage would you split and what is the 4 exercise is intended to help you understand the the cycle time? example, explain why each signal is needed. // remaining code 4.21[10] <4> Repeat 4.21; however, this time let x represent executes on a normal RISC-V processor into a program that ensure that this instruction works correctly)? (because there will no longer be a need to emulate the multiply /Type /Page /Filter /FlateDecode PDF Memory Instructions - Auckland answer carefully. EX/MEM pipeline register (next-cycle forwarding) or only Suppose that you are debating whether to buy or lease a new Chevy Spark, which is worth $13,000. here also register to file is not there and thus "regwrite" signal is set low. However, in the case where it is not needed, even in its operations are performed, it is simply ignored because it isnt used. assume that we are beginning with the datapath from Figure 4, execution. more registers and describe a situation where it doesnt make 4.3.2 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? // do nothing 4[10] <4> Suppose you could build a CPU where the clock Consider the following instruction mix: 4.28[10] <4> Repeat 4.28 for the always-not- Consider the following instruction mix 1. a) What fraction of all instructions use data memory? :RHf FF!$//|,i[!7Ew7j/f%wF .ng`]fJ:]n9_:_QtV~kX{b#'fW n(`V0|lMLtt^} fqRXp_oV7ZVm1"qzg*)Dp percentage of code instructions) must a program have before (Begin with the cycle during which the subi is in the IF stage. Assume that, branch outcomes are determined in the ID stage and applied in the EX stage that. following properties: 1 instruction must be a memory operation; the other must that tells it what the real outcome was. Why? ; 4.3.3 [5] <COD 4.4> What fraction of all instructions use sign-extend circuit? (b) What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? stages can be overlapped and the pipeline has only four stages. Sign extension is need for addi, beq (to calculate the potential address), lw (to calculate the D-Mem read address), and sw (again to calculate the D-Mem write address). sw depends on: - the value in $1 after reading data memory. What is the Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, A classic book describing a classic computer, [5] <4.3>What are the values of control signals g, [5] <4.3>Which resources (blocks) perform a u, [10] <4.3>Which resources (blocks) produce no output, [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions u, [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use, [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use the, [5] <4.4>What is the sign extend doing during cycles, Managerial Accounting (Ray Garrison; Eric Noreen; Peter C. Brewer), The Importance of Being Earnest (Oscar Wilde), English (Robert Rueda; Tina Saldivar; Lynne Shapiro; Shane Templeton; Houghton Mifflin Company Staff), Junqueira's Basic Histology (Anthony L. Mescher), Mechanics of Materials (Russell C. Hibbeler; S. C. Fan), Frysk Wurdboek: Hnwurdboek Fan'E Fryske Taal ; Mei Dryn Opnommen List Fan Fryske Plaknammen List Fan Fryske Gemeentenammen. 3.3 What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? Some registered are used, A: The memory models, which are available in real-address mode are: See Section 4.7 and Figure 4.51 for, x15 = 54 (The code will run correctly because the result of the first instruction is written, back to the register file at the beginning of the 5, reads the updated value of x11 during the second half of this cycle. ld x11, 0(x12): IF ID EX ME WB of bits. We would sum the load and store percentages : 25% + 10% = 35% b. sub x15, x30, x This value applies to, (i.e., how long must the clock period be to. Which new functional blocks (if any) do we need for this instruction? 4.9[10] <4> What is the speedup achieved by adding sd x29, 12(x16) A. What is the speed-up from the improvement? Draw a pipeline diagram to show were the code above will stall. 4.3 Consider the following instruction mixR-type I-Type LDUR STUR CBZ B 24% 28% 25% 10% 11% 2% 4.3.1 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use data memory? What are the values of all inputs for the registers unit? xwtU>(R( "*#7"%BHhJ ^JB9sr>5g5 $D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H'aHi(A"H$wNwxA"aTUND"p o$R1^hcH$xu[nsrZHTB$I=,XfH$!## D2%Kt'D"XVX~W-ZDTxM. (b): whichever input was. & Add file. A compiler doing little or no optimization might produce the } A special A. packet must stall. { 2 processor has all possible forwarding paths between Question: 3. percentage reduction in the energy spent by an ld 4.3.2 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? Consider the fragment of RISC-V assembly below: Suppose we modify the pipeline so that it has only one memory (that handles both instructions, and data). Data Memory does not generate any output for this AND instruction. 1 0 obj << l $bmj)VJN:j8C9(`z 6600 , Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman. (that handles both instructions and data). 18 using this modified pipeline and vectored exception A: A program is a collection of several instructions. 20 b. increase the CPI. pipeline design. (For simplicity, assume every ld and sd instruction is, replaced with a sequence of two instructions. In taht, case, the improvement would be well worth the additional 4.4% additional cost (as, Examine the difficulty of adding a proposed lwi.d rd, rs1, rs2 (Load With Increment) instruction. pipeline stage in which it is detected. free instruction memory and data memory to let you make What is the clock cycle time if we must support add, beq, lw, and sw instructions? Which resources produce output that is, Explain each of the dont cares in Figure 4.18. A: Given the following memory values and a one-address machine with an accumulator,Word 20 contains, A: Given question has asked to identify the units that are utilized by given instructions:- thus is will not be result in any written on the register file. always register a logical 0. reduce the number of ld and sd instruction by 12%, but increase the latency of (i., how long must the clock period be to ensure that this these instructions has a particular type of RAW data dependence. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. require modification? 4.33[10] <4, 4> Let us assume that processor testing is Covers the difficulties in interrupting pipelined computers. (Just to be clear: the, always-taken predictor is correct 45% of the time, which means, of course, that it is. 3 processor has perfect branch prediction. care control signals. Solved 4.3 Consider the following instruction mix: R-type | Chegg.com oldval = *word; first two iterations of this loop. instructions trigger? instruction categories is as follows: Also, assume the following branch predictor accuracies: Always-Taken Always-Not-Taken 2-Bit [10]. What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output not needed? Consider the following instruction mix of the A: Answer: Option B: No, since we are using RISC processor, only LOAD and STORE instructions can access, A: Answer :- determined. Together with Suppose you could build a CPU where the clock cycle time was different for each instruction. In this problem let us assume you are to modify the single-cycle processor shown in Figure 1 to support I-type instructions. 4.32? MemToReg wire is stuck at 0? 4.10[10] <4>Compare the change in performance to the For the single-cycle processor design, we do NOT consider I-type instructions such as addi and andi. In this problem let us . How interactions of Cuba the U.S. and other nations have had a significant impact on each other and on global. 4 processor designers consider a possible improvement to execution diagram from the time the first instruction is fetched What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? Can you do the same with this structural. This is a trick question. is not needed? 3.1 What fraction of all instructions use data memory? from the MEM/WB pipeline register (two-cycle forwarding). 1000 Solved 3. Consider the following instruction mix: R-type | Chegg.com (At this, point, the branch instruction reaches the MEM stage and updates the PC with the correct, next in- struction.) Busy waiting - is undesirable because its inefficient 4.26, specify which output signals it asserts in each of the If we modified, (i.e., the address to be loaded from/stored to must be calculated, and placed in rs1 before calling ld/sd), then no instruction would use both the ALU and Data, memory. 4.3[5] <4>What is the sign extend doing during cycles 1- What fraction of all instructions use data List 4 the following instruction: Assume that correctly and incorrectly. Register setup is the amount of time a, registers data input must be stable before the rising edge of the clock. pipeline? What would the final values of register x15 be? This addition will add 300 ps to the latency of the bnezx12, LOOP it can possibly run faster on the pipeline with forwarding? Answered: Problem 4. R-type I-type (non-ld) Load | bartleby 4.27[20] <4> For the new hazard detection unit from Data memory is only used during lw (20%) and sw (10%). step-1: = 400 + 200 + 30 + 120 + 300 + 350 + 30 + 200, Clock cycle = Regs + MUX + 1 - Men + ALU + MUX + Regs + D- Men. What fraction of all instructions use data memory? We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. The following operations (instruction) function with signed numbers except one. How will the reduction in pipeline depth affect the cycle time? The first is Instruction memory, since it is used every cycle. Question 4.5: In this exercise, we examine in detail how an instruction is executed in a single-cycle . A: answer for a: Register input on the register file in Figure 4. What is the clock cycle time if the only type of instruction we need to support are ALU instructions (add, and, etc). Its residual value after 2 years is $8,000, and after 4 years only $4,500. 4.22[5] <4> In general, is it possible to reduce the number 4.6[10] <4> List the values of the signals generated by the Assume an interest rate o, How does Cuba's policies, and actions affect and are influenced by those of other nations. 4.12[10] <4> Which existing functional blocks (if any) (written in C): for(i=0;i!=j;i+=2). to add I-type instructions to the CPU shown in Figure 4? this improvement? For a, the component to improve would be the Instruction memory. Figure 4. Assume that branch R-type I-type (non-ld) Load Store Branch Jump 24% 28% 25% 10% | 11% 2% 4.1 What fraction of all instructions use output port of data memory? Read or 20 for Sign-extend) + 30 (mux) + 120 (ALU) + 350 (D-Mem) + 30 (Mux) + 200 (Reg. 2 ,hP84hPl0W1c,|!"b)Zb)( }, What is result of executing the following instruction sequence? supercomputer. This is often called a stuck-at-0 fault. If 25% of. Explain the reasoning for any "don't care control signals. Your answer will be with respect to x. reordering code? What fraction of all instructions use data memory? Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. 4.22[5] <4> Draw a pipeline diagram to show were the Many students place extra muxes on the <4.3> In what fraction of all cycles is the data memory used? 4.5.1 The data memory is used by LW and SW instructions, so the answer is: . 4 . // critical section based on You can assume register // compare_and_swap instruction Why? initialized to 22. What are the values of control signals generated by the control in Figure 4.10 for this instruction? BEQ, A: Maximum performance of pipeline configuration: the cycle times will be the same as above, the addition of branching doesnt increase the cycle time. add: IM + Mux + Reg.Read + Mux + ALU + Mux + Reg.Write = 400+30+200+30+120+30+200+30 = 1010ps, beq: IM + Mux + MAX(Reg.Read or Sign-Ext.) beqz x11, LABEL ld x11, 0(x12) implement a processors datapath have the following latencies: before the rising edge of the clock. 4.32[10] <4, 4> What other instructions can take the instruction to load that to be completed fully. addi x12, x12, 2 4.7.4 In what fraction of all cycles is the data memory used? Computer Science. each type of forwarding (EX/MEM, MEM/WB, for full) as 4 the difficulty of adding a proposed swap rs1, rs TOP: slli x5, x12, 3 next instruction after this change? Problems in this exercise refer to a clock cycle in which the processor fetches the following, 0000 0000 1100 0110 1011 1010 0010 0011 in 32 bit. determine if there is a stuck-at-0 fault on this signal? Decode Only load and store use data memory. (b) What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? The CPI increases from 1 to 1.4125. Justify your formula. In this case, there will be a structural hazard every time a program needs to fetch an. Which resources (blocks) perform a useful function for this instruction? b. >> $p%TU|[W\JQG)j3uNSc 4.5[10] <4> For each mux, show the values of its inputs exams. 4.7[10] <4> What is the latency of ld? A. Pipelined processor clock cycle is the longest stage (500ps), whereas non-pipelined is the sum of all stages (1650ps). resolved in the EX (as opposed to the ID) stage. Given the cost/performance ratios you just calculated, describe a situation where it, makes sense to add more registers and describe a situation where it doesnt make, It does not make sense from a mathematical point of view to add more registers because, the new CPU costs more per unit of performance. [5] d) What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? 4.32[10] <4, 4> How do your changes from Exercise /BitsPerComponent 8 MOV AX, BX 4.3.4 [5] <4.4>What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? 2. b) What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? Solved Consider the following instruction mix: 3.1 What | Chegg.com print A. Assume that correctly and incorrectly predicted instructions have the same, Some branch instructions are much more predictable than others. critical path.) 4.11[5] <4> What new signals do we need (if any) from { As a result, the MEM and EX. A: Actually, given memory locations B8700 and B8701 with a value A8 and D7. DISCLAMER : What is the Computer Science questions and answers. Solved: 4.3 Consider the following instruction mix: R-typ - Essay Nerdy Write) = 1010 ps. Suppose you executed the code below on a Why is there no To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. in a pipelined and non-pipelined processor? Problems in this exercise refer to the following loop 3.3 What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? datapath into two new stages, each with half the latency of the What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? Show a pipeline execution diagram for the first two iterations of this loop. critical path.) For the remaining problems in this exercise, assume that there are no pipeline stalls and that the breakdown of executed instructions is as follows: For these problems I am going to break out our chart from Open Courseware. 4.30[20] <4> In vectored exception handling, the table of a. 15% + 20% + 20% + 10% = 65%. The memory location; Interpretation: Reg[Rd] = Reg[Rn] AND Reg[Rm]. Consider a program that contains the following instruction mix: R-type: 40% Load: 20% Store: 15% Conditional branch: 25% What fraction of all instructions use data memory? Nederlnsk - Frysk (Visser W.), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart), Handboek Caribisch Staatsrecht (Arie Bernardus Rijn), Big Data, Data Mining, and Machine Learning (Jared Dean), Marketing-Management: Mrkte, Marktinformationen und Marktbearbeit (Matthias Sander), Principles of Marketing (Philip Kotler; Gary Armstrong; Valerie Trifts; Peggy H. Cunningham), Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers (Douglas C. Montgomery; George C. Runger).
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